a ≡ b (mod m): Given integers a, b, m with m > 0, a is congruent to b module m, [a ≡ b (mod m)], if m divides the difference a - b. The number m is called modulus of the congruence.
(b) a ≡ b (mod m) ⇒ b ≡ a (mod m) (symmetry)
(c) a ≡ b (mod m) and b ≡ c (mod m)
⇒ a ≡ c (mod m) (transivity).
- a ≡ 0 (mod m) iff m/a.
- a ≡ b (mod m) iff a - b ≡ 0 (mod m).
- Congruence is an equivalence relation.
(b) a ≡ b (mod m) ⇒ b ≡ a (mod m) (symmetry)
(c) a ≡ b (mod m) and b ≡ c (mod m)
⇒ a ≡ c (mod m) (transivity).
- If a ≡ b (mod m) and α ≡ β (mod m) then
(b) aα ≡ bβ (mod m).
(c) an ≡ bn (mod m) for every positive integer n.
(d) f(a) ≡ f(b) (mod m) for every polynomial f with integer coefficients.
- If c > 0 then a ≡ b (mod m) iff ac ≡ bc (mod mc).
- Cancellation law: If ac ≡ bc (mod m) and d =(m, c) then a ≡ b (mod m/d).
- Assume a ≡ b (mod m). If d/m and d/a then d/b.
- If a ≡ b (mod m) then (a, m) = (b, m).
- If a ≡ b (mod m) and if 0 ≤ |b - a| < m then a = b.
- a ≡ b (mod m) iff a and b give the same remainder when divided by m.
- a ≡ b (mod m) and a ≡ b (mod n) where (m, n) =1, a ≡ b (mod mn).
Linear Congruences:
Solution of congruence: A integer x satisfying a polynomial congruence f(x) ≡ 0 (mod m) is called a solution of the congruence.
(a/d)x ≡ (b/d) (mod m/d).
Solution of congruence: A integer x satisfying a polynomial congruence f(x) ≡ 0 (mod m) is called a solution of the congruence.
- Assume (a, m) - 1. Then the linear congruence ax ≡ b (mod m) has exactly one solution.
- Assume (a, m) =d. Then the linear congruence ax ≡ b (mod m) has solution iff d/b.
- Assume (a, m) =d and d/b. Then the linear congruence ax ≡ b (mod m) has exactly d solutions modulo m. These are given by
(a/d)x ≡ (b/d) (mod m/d).
- If (a, b) = d there exist integers x and y such that
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