Let H be a subset of a group G, then the inverse of H is
H-1 and is defined as
H-1 = {h-1 : for all h ∈ H}.
Theorem: If H be a subgroup of a group G,
then H-1 = H.
Proof: Let h-1 ∈ H-1 be any element, where h ∈ H.
Since H is a subgroup of G.
∴ h-1 ∈ H
Thus h-1 ∈ H-1 ⇒ h-1 ∈ H
∴ H-1 ⊆ H. ... (1)
Conversely: Let h ∈ H be any element of H
Since H is a subgoup of G
∴ h-1 ∈ H
⇒ (h-1)-1 ∈ H-1 i.e., h ∈ H-1
Thus h ∈ H ⇒ h ∈ H-1
∴ H ⊆ H-1 ... (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
H = H-1
Remark: The converse of the above theorem need not be true.
i.e., If H is a subset of a group G such that H-1 = H, then H need not be a subgroup of G.
For example: (i) let G be the group of square roots of unity, i.e., G = {-1, 1} under multiplication, let H = {-1} be a subset of G.
Here H-1 = {-1} = H, for (-1)-1 = -1.
But H is not a subgroup of G.
(ii) let H = {12, (23)} be a subset of a group S3.
Here H-1 = {12, (23)} = H (∵ (12)(12) = i, (23) = i)
But H is not a subgroup of S3. (as(12)(23) = (312) ∉ H)
(iii) Let G = {(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), +6} be a group under addition modulo 6.
Let H = {1, 3, 5} be a subset of G.
Then H-1 = {1, 3, 5} = H, for
(1)-1 = 5, (3)-1 = 3, (5)-1 = 1, but H is not a subgroup of G as
3 +6 5 = 2 ∉ H.
Theorem: A non-empty subset of H of a group G is a subgroup then HH = H.
Proof: Let h1h2 ∈ HH be any element, where h1, h2 ∈ H
Since H is a subgroup of G
⇒ h1h2 ∈ H
Thus, ∀ h1h2 ∈ HH
⇒ h1h2 ∈ H
∴ HH ⊆ H. ... (1)
Conversely: Let h ∈ H be any element of H.
Now h = he ∈ HH (∵ e ∈ H)
Thus h ∈ H
⇒ h ∈ HH
∴ H ⊆ HH ... (2)
∴ from (1) and (2), we get,
HH = H.
Theorem: If H and K be any two subsets of a group G, then
(HK)-1 = K-1H-1 .
Proof: Let (hk)-1 be any element of (HK)-1,
where h ∈ H, k ∈ K
∴ (hk)-1 = k-1h-1 ∈ K-1H-1 [∵ h-1 ∈ H-1 and k-1 ∈ K-1 ]
Thus (hk)-1 ∈ (HK)-1
⇒(hk)-1 ∈ K-1H-1
∴(HK)-1 ⊆ K-1H-1 ... (1)
Conversely: Let k-1h-1 ∈ K-1H-1 be any element,
where k ∈ K, h ∈ H.
∴ k-1h-1 = (hk)-1 ∈(HK)-1
Thus k-1h-1 ∈ K-1H-1
⇒k-1h-1 ∈ (HK)-1
∴ K-1H-1 ⊆ (HK)-1 ... (2)
From (1) and (2), we get,
(HK)-1 = K-1H-1.
Hence Proved.
Theorem: If H and K are two subgroups of a group G, then HK is a subgroup of G if and only if HK = KH.
Proof: Firstly, let HK = KH.
To show that HK is a subgroup of G.
It is sufficient to show that (HK)(HK)-1 = (HK)
we have (HK)(HK)-1 = (K-1H-1) = H(KK-1)H-1
= (HK)H-1
[∵ K is a subgroup of G. ∴ KK-1 = K]
= (KH)H-1 [∵ HK = KH given]
= K (HH-1)
= KH
[∵ H is a subgroup of G. ∴ HH-1 = H]
= HK.
Thus HK is a subgroup of G.
Conversely: Suppose HK is a subgroup of G.
To show HK = KH.
Now (HK)-1 = HK. [∵ if H is a subgroup of G then H-1 = H]
⇒ K-1H-1 = HK.
⇒ KH = HK.
H-1 and is defined as
H-1 = {h-1 : for all h ∈ H}.
Theorem: If H be a subgroup of a group G,
then H-1 = H.
Proof: Let h-1 ∈ H-1 be any element, where h ∈ H.
Since H is a subgroup of G.
∴ h-1 ∈ H
Thus h-1 ∈ H-1 ⇒ h-1 ∈ H
∴ H-1 ⊆ H. ... (1)
Conversely: Let h ∈ H be any element of H
Since H is a subgoup of G
∴ h-1 ∈ H
⇒ (h-1)-1 ∈ H-1 i.e., h ∈ H-1
Thus h ∈ H ⇒ h ∈ H-1
∴ H ⊆ H-1 ... (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
H = H-1
Remark: The converse of the above theorem need not be true.
i.e., If H is a subset of a group G such that H-1 = H, then H need not be a subgroup of G.
For example: (i) let G be the group of square roots of unity, i.e., G = {-1, 1} under multiplication, let H = {-1} be a subset of G.
Here H-1 = {-1} = H, for (-1)-1 = -1.
But H is not a subgroup of G.
(ii) let H = {12, (23)} be a subset of a group S3.
Here H-1 = {12, (23)} = H (∵ (12)(12) = i, (23) = i)
But H is not a subgroup of S3. (as(12)(23) = (312) ∉ H)
(iii) Let G = {(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), +6} be a group under addition modulo 6.
Let H = {1, 3, 5} be a subset of G.
Then H-1 = {1, 3, 5} = H, for
(1)-1 = 5, (3)-1 = 3, (5)-1 = 1, but H is not a subgroup of G as
3 +6 5 = 2 ∉ H.
Theorem: A non-empty subset of H of a group G is a subgroup then HH = H.
Proof: Let h1h2 ∈ HH be any element, where h1, h2 ∈ H
Since H is a subgroup of G
⇒ h1h2 ∈ H
Thus, ∀ h1h2 ∈ HH
⇒ h1h2 ∈ H
∴ HH ⊆ H. ... (1)
Conversely: Let h ∈ H be any element of H.
Now h = he ∈ HH (∵ e ∈ H)
Thus h ∈ H
⇒ h ∈ HH
∴ H ⊆ HH ... (2)
∴ from (1) and (2), we get,
HH = H.
Theorem: If H and K be any two subsets of a group G, then
(HK)-1 = K-1H-1 .
Proof: Let (hk)-1 be any element of (HK)-1,
where h ∈ H, k ∈ K
∴ (hk)-1 = k-1h-1 ∈ K-1H-1 [∵ h-1 ∈ H-1 and k-1 ∈ K-1 ]
Thus (hk)-1 ∈ (HK)-1
⇒(hk)-1 ∈ K-1H-1
∴(HK)-1 ⊆ K-1H-1 ... (1)
Conversely: Let k-1h-1 ∈ K-1H-1 be any element,
where k ∈ K, h ∈ H.
∴ k-1h-1 = (hk)-1 ∈(HK)-1
Thus k-1h-1 ∈ K-1H-1
⇒k-1h-1 ∈ (HK)-1
∴ K-1H-1 ⊆ (HK)-1 ... (2)
From (1) and (2), we get,
(HK)-1 = K-1H-1.
Hence Proved.
Theorem: If H and K are two subgroups of a group G, then HK is a subgroup of G if and only if HK = KH.
Proof: Firstly, let HK = KH.
To show that HK is a subgroup of G.
It is sufficient to show that (HK)(HK)-1 = (HK)
we have (HK)(HK)-1 = (K-1H-1) = H(KK-1)H-1
= (HK)H-1
[∵ K is a subgroup of G. ∴ KK-1 = K]
= (KH)H-1 [∵ HK = KH given]
= K (HH-1)
= KH
[∵ H is a subgroup of G. ∴ HH-1 = H]
= HK.
Thus HK is a subgroup of G.
Conversely: Suppose HK is a subgroup of G.
To show HK = KH.
Now (HK)-1 = HK. [∵ if H is a subgroup of G then H-1 = H]
⇒ K-1H-1 = HK.
⇒ KH = HK.
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