Quadratic residue mod p: If congruence x2 ≡ n (mod p) has no solution, then n is quadratic nonresidue mod p denoted by (nR̅p).
Jacobi symbol: If P is a positive odd integer with prime factorization
P = ∏piai, i = 1, 2, ... , r.
Then Jacobi symbol (n/P) for all integer is
(n/P) = ∏piai, i = 1, 2, ... , r
where (n/pi) is Legendre symbol and (n/1) = 1.
Reduced residue system modulo m: It is a set of ∅(m) integers, incongruent modulo m, each of which is relatively prime to m.
Here ∅(m) is Euler's totient.
Jacobi symbol: If P is a positive odd integer with prime factorization
P = ∏piai, i = 1, 2, ... , r.
Then Jacobi symbol (n/P) for all integer is
(n/P) = ∏piai, i = 1, 2, ... , r
where (n/pi) is Legendre symbol and (n/1) = 1.
Reduced residue system modulo m: It is a set of ∅(m) integers, incongruent modulo m, each of which is relatively prime to m.
Here ∅(m) is Euler's totient.
- Chinese remainder theorem: Assume m1, m2, … , mr arepositive integers, relatively prime in pairs : (mi , mk) = 1 if i ≠ k.
x ≡ b1 (mod m1)
.
.
.
x ≡ br (mod mr)
has exactly one solution modulo the product m1, m2, … , mr .
- Assume m1, m2, … , mr are relatively prime in pairs. Let b1, b2, … , br be arbitrary integers and let a1, a2, … , ar satisfy (ak , mk) = 1 for k = 1, 2, ... , r. Then the linear system of congruences
.
.
.
arx ≡ br (mod mr)
has exactly one solution modulo m1, m2, … , mr .
- Let f be a polynomial with integer coefficients, let m1, m2, … , mr be positive integers relatively prime in pairs and let m = m1 m2 … mr. Then the congruence
has a solution iff each of the congruences, f(x) ≡ 0 (mod mi), i = 1, 2, ... , r ... (ii)
has a solution. Moreovere if v(m) and v(mi) denote the number of solutions of (i) and (ii) respectively, then v(m) = v(m1) v(m2) ... v(mr).
- The set of lattice points in the plane visible from the origin contains arbitrarily large square gaps. That is, given any integer k > 0, there exist a lattice point (a, b) such that none of the lattice point, (a + r, b + s), 0 < r ≤ k, 0 < s ≤ k
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